Universi paralleli, sliding doors e la consolazione di sapere che un nostro alter ego, invece di cascare dalle scale, vince la lotteria.
Le ipotesi sull’esistenza di universi paralleli sembrerebbero materia da fantascienza, ma gli scenari aperti dalla fisica quantistica e dalla teoria delle stringhe spiazzano la presunzione di aver compreso e definito una volta per tutte il mondo fisico, a cominciare da quella che definiremmo solidissima materia: anche il più solido oggetto che possiamo toccare é costituito essenzialmente da spazio vuoto; immaginando un atomo delle dimensioni di una stanza, il nucleo al centro avrebbe le dimensioni di un granello di sabbia. Gli elettroni che ne descrivono i confini sono ancora più piccoli; é vero che se picchiamo contro una lastra di qualunque materiale solido non riusciamo ad attraversarla, ma ciò solo in virtù delle potenti forze elettrostatiche che si esercitano fra gli atomi e che, loro si, formano la resistente tramatura della “materia”.
E non basta: anche le particelle subatomiche hanno proprietà corpuscolari solo nella rilevazione dei nostri sensi (o dei nostri strumenti di indagine, che non sono altro che estensioni sensoriali che devono necessariamente rapportarsi alle nostre capacità di percezione): elettroni, protoni, neutroni sono formati da quark i quali, così come le altre particelle subatomiche, hanno anch’essi una corporeità apparente.
La teoria delle stringhe, ma per alcuni aspetti anche le riflessioni che si possono fare in seguito a esperienze più datate ed assimilate, come il principio di indeterminazione di Heisenberg (sull’impossibilità di rilevare sia posizione che velocità in un dato momento di una particella come l’elettrone, come a negarne l’essenza corpuscolare nonostante le nostre percezioni sensoriali o strumentali) prevede che i costituenti fondamentali di quelli che le rilevazioni fisiche indicano come corpuscoli siano delle “stringhe” di energia, cioè corde vibranti chiuse ad anello che in base al tipo di vibrazione determinano le caratteristiche elettrostatiche e di massa dei costituenti subatomici; solo energia quindi, in tutto ciò che noi, coi nostri sensi grossolani, percepiamo come materia (e da qui le grossolane teorie sulla realtà come illusione).
Le dimensioni delle stringhe sono estremamente ridotte: se un atomo avesse le dimensioni dell’universo conosciuto, una stringa sarebbe grande quanto un albero. Questa basilare forma di energia ha la caratteristica fondamentale di vibrare in direzioni e con modalità diverse, conferendo così le caratteristiche peculiari a corpuscoli e fotoni; i calcoli matematici alla base della teoria relativamente alle diverse posizioni (quantiche) di oscillazione hanno fatto ricavare 10 dimensioni spaziali possibili (più una dimensione temporale, inscindibile dal concetto di spazio da Einstein in poi).
Il nostro universo è a quattro dimensioni, tre spaziali (avanti-indietro; destra-sinistra; su-giu) ed una temporale (prima-dopo): dove sono le altre sette?
Sono arrotolate in forma microscopica, avvolte dalle stringhe la cui energia, di considerevole entità, impedisce che si svolgano; questa realtà multidimensionale può essere facilmente immaginata se consideriamo la struttura di un tappeto: osservato a distanza mostrerà le tre dimensioni macroscopiche, ma visto da vicino risulterà intessuto di numerose fibre, quindi procedendo in direzione su-giù attraverso il tappeto vediamo ulteriori dimensioni spaziali, quelle arrotolate dei fili che compongono la tramatura. Allora per stabilire la posizione sul\nel tappeto occorrono le 3 dimensioni spaziali macroscopiche: la dimensione temporale (il quando) ed altre dimensioni, relative alla posizione lungo il percorso circolare dei fili che compongono la tramatura; ecco il modo in cui, oltre alle tre dimensioni spaziali estese, possiamo avere le altre più piccole arrotolate.
Al momento del big bang tutte le 10 dimensioni spaziali erano circolari, di dimensioni ultramicroscopiche (analoghe a quelle delle stringhe) ed erano avvolte dalle stringhe che ne impedivano l’espansione (la tutela delle stringhe si manifesta ancora nel nostro universo per quello che riguarda le 7 dimensioni rimaste compattate).
Per le fortissime energie liberate negli istanti successivi al big bang le strutture stringa-dimensioni arrotolate (strutture di Calabi-Yau) hanno subito frenetiche trasformazioni, strappi e ricuciture che hanno portato alla liberazione delle tre dimensioni macroscopiche.
Dal nostro punto di osservazione (e di esistenza) si sono liberate solo tre dimensioni, quelle rivelatesi capaci di ospitare atomi e molecole, stelle e pianeti; in realtà date 10 dimensioni spaziali ognuna ha avuto la possibilità di subire lo sconvolgimento energetico che ne ha portato allo srotolamento. Ma noi viviamo nell’universo caratterizzato da queste tre dimensioni spaziali in cui siamo imprigionati: i sistemi monodimensionali (un filo immateriale percorso da stringhe energetiche), o bidimensionali (una membrana priva di spessore) ed ancora di più i sistemi a 4-5 o più dimensioni sono impercepibili coi nostri sensi, ed obbediscono a leggi fisiche diverse che ne impediscono le interazioni col nostro universo. Questi universi paralleli occuperebbero il nostro stesso “dove” ma avrebbero creato un loro spazio specifico (lo spazio esiste in quanto occupato dalla materia e rimarrebbe quindi appannaggio esclusivo di ciascun sistema di dimensioni o “universo parallelo”): la relazione fra loro é costituita solo dalla forza di gravità, che tiene insieme nello stesso “dove” tali universi paralleli ed é l’unica forza che si esercita fra essi, l’unica possibilità di interazione: negli urti provocati negli acceleratori di particelle si cerca, fra l’altro, il verificarsi della scomparsa di energia, il che sarebbe indice del passaggio di un gravitone in un universo parallelo; inoltre si ritengono i buchi neri, per le loro condizioni estreme di gravità e di curvatura spazio-temporale, un possibile punto di unione ed un ipotetico passaggio fra gli universi.
Questo scenario esclude quindi altre possibilità di interazione fra gli universi nati dallo stesso big bang, oltre alla gravità: di sicuro é impossibile la formazione della materia come la conosciamo nelle strutture ad una o due dimensioni srotolate, mentre gli universi a più di tre dimensioni macroscopiche ci riesce difficile anche immaginarli: dimentichiamo omini verdi e dischi volanti, che se c’é formazione di materia e forme di vita in questi universi esse ci apparirebbero come un delirio a metà strada fra Picasso e gallerie di specchi opposti; non solo: giacchè il tempo é funzione dello spazio, sono inimmaginabili anche le direzioni temporali in questi universi. Oltre alla direzione prima-dopo dovremmo avere strutture temporali circolari, ripiegate (anche più che nel nostro universo, dove pure c’é la curvatura spazio-tempo dimostrata da Einstein ed attribuita all’attrazione gravitazionale). Percorsi andata e ritorno e direzioni dopo-prima, intersecazioni ed incroci al punto che la vicenda di Benjamin Button al confronto sarebbe piuttosto banale.
Il nostro é l’unico universo a 3 dimensioni?
Probabilmente no, in quanto potremmo averne un numero pari alle combinazioni delle dieci dimensioni e potrebbero essere piuttosto simili,ma il big bang rimarrebbe l’unico momento di “vita in comune” fra loro: non é questo quindi lo scenario che ci fa immaginare il nostro alter ego che vince l’oscar come attore protagonista; il contatto fra universi paralleli sarebbe limitato al punto di origine anche in un’altra ipotesi, quella secondo cui il numero di universi potrebbe essere sterminato perché il fenomeno del big bang potrebbe essere originato dall’urto di macroscopiche strutture membranose che si ripeterebbe con una certa frequenza, causando il distacco da esse di schegge, polvere di energia, stringhe la cui aggregazione produce le dimensioni spaziali di cui prima: avremmo innumerevoli altri universi, anche a 3 dimensioni, ma a distanze incommensurabilmente enormi l’uno dall’altro, ben maggiori delle dimensioni di un singolo universo: in questo caso avremmo ancora meno relazioni fra universi, neanche il legame gravitazionale e la condivisione del “dove”.
E gli universi paralleli della fantascienza, allora, quelli dove invece di cascare dalle scale vinciamo la lotteria, sono davvero improponibili?
La teoria delle stringhe ci consente quei voli di fantasia in cui ogni nostra decisione dà origine ad una “sliding door” che si affaccia sull’universo in cui si sviluppa il futuro previsto dall’alternativa alla decisione presa, con l’appoggio del principio di indeterminazione di Heisenberg e della fisica quantistica, che prevedono come potenzialmente reale ogni alternativa possibile fino a che l’osservatore non fissa la realtà con la sua osservazione, anche quando l’osservazione é successiva all’evento (si veda l’esperimento del passaggio dei fotoni attraverso l’una o l’altra delle due feritoie di una maschera, col fotone che attraversa immancabilmente la feritoia che stiamo osservando: anche quando si effettua la rilevazione a valle della maschera, DOPO CHE IL FOTONE E’ PASSATO, siamo in grado di “decidere” da quale feritoia il fotone é passato, come se gli eventi si verificassero entrambi, ma solo la nostra osservazione evidenziasse il futuro del fotone): ne consegue che si realizza tutto il ventaglio di ipotesi possibili: anche se noi osserveremo solo l’universo conseguente all’osservazione compiuta, si concretizzerebbero anche le realtà che non abbiamo osservato.
Per la corsa parallela degli universi occorrono degli strappi nella struttura spazio-tempo, é necessario cioé che le vibrazioni delle stringhe che generano gli eventi nel nostro universo possano manifestarsi anche negli altri; lo strappo spazio-temporale é un’eventualità negata da ogni teoria fisica: una lacerazione dello spazio scatenerebbe cataclismi apocalittici per la necessaria riorganizzazione della materia; eppure una lacerazione dello spazio, e del tempo, esiste,se continuiamo la valutazione delle caratteristiche dell’universo in base alla teoria delle stringhe: essendo queste la forma fisica più piccola esistente, al suo centro ogni stringa circolare deve contenere una microscopica lacerazione dello spazio, protetta dalla tensione della stringa che ne impedisce l’espansione: abbiamo così una finestra attraverso la quale le oscillazioni delle stringhe possono manifestarsi attraverso il vuoto; tale attività si può supporre che produca conseguenze anche in spazi diversi da quello nel quale noi percepiamo la “materia” prodotta nelle sue manifestazioni fisiche dalle oscillazioni delle stringhe nel nostro universo.
Le differenze nell’evoluzione storica fra gli universi comportano necessariamente che le posizioni dei corpi non coincidano più (un individuo va alla partita, l’alter ego preferisce il cinema) ma rimangono generate dalle stesse stringhe: paradosso non insuperabile ricordando l’esperimento di Aspect (1982): facendo emettere due fotoni correlati (nati contemporaneamente) da un atomo di calcio, e diretti in direzioni opposte, sulla traiettoria del primo viene interposto un prisma capace di deviarne la direzione; l’altro fotone, distante nello spazio e diretto agli antipodi, subirà istantaneamente, nello stesso momento, una deviazione dello stesso angolo del primo fotone, con una corrispondenza, fra l’altro, che avviene ad una velocità superiore a quella della luce..
Ecco, in questo scenario finalmente é possibile teorizzare gli universi paralleli immaginati dalla fantascienza: compenetrati uno nell’altro, in quantità elevata ed indefinita, tenuti insieme solo dalla forza di gravità ma senza altra possibilità di contatto (per ora?) e che rappresentano un ampio ventaglio di possibili alternative storiche al nostro.
Nicola Lembo
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domenica 22 marzo 2015
martedì 23 giugno 2009
PARALLEL UNIVERSES ACCORDING TO THE STRING THEORY
Parallel universes, sliding doors and the consolation of knowing that our alter ego, instead of falling down stairs, wins the lottery.
The assumptions about the existence of parallel universes seem matter of science fiction, but the scenarios opened by quantum physics and string theory displace the presumption that you understand and defined once and for all the physical world, beginning with the one that would call solid matter: even the most solid object that we touch is made up mainly of empty space; imagining an atom to the size of a room, the core at the center would be the size of a grain of sand. The electrons that describe the boundaries are even smaller; it is true that if you beat up against a sheet of any solid material we can not cross it, but that only by virtue of powerful electrostatic forces that are exerted between the atoms and that they form the strong weave as the "matter".
It is not enough: even the subatomic particles have particle properties only in the detection of our senses (or our investigative tools, which are nothing more than extensions sensory must necessarily relate to our ability to perceive): electrons, protons, neutrons are formed quarks which, as well as other subatomic particles, also have an apparent corporeality.
String theory, but in some respects also the reflections that can be done as a result of experiences older and assimilated, as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (impossibility of detecting position is that speed at a given moment of a particle as the electron, as to deny its essence corpuscular despite our sensory perceptions or instrumental) provides that the fundamental constituents of those surveys indicate that physical particles are the "strings" of energy, vibrating strings that closed loop that according to the type of vibration determine the electrostatic characteristics and mass of the constituents subatomic; only energy then, in all that we, with our gross senses we perceive as matter (and hence the gross theories about reality as an illusion).
The size of the strings are extremely small: if an atom was the size of the known universe, a string would be the size of a tree. This basic form of energy has the fundamental characteristic of vibrating in directions and in different ways, thus giving the characteristics peculiar to corpuscles and photons; mathematical calculations at the base of the theory in relation to the various positions (quantum) of oscillation they did obtain 10 spatial dimensions possible (more than one time dimension, inseparable from the concept of space by Einstein onwards).
Our universe has four dimensions, three of space (up-down, left-right, up-down) and a time (before-after): where are the other seven?
Are rolled in microscopic form, wrapped from strings whose energy, to considerable extent, it prevents that they operate; this multidimensional reality can be easily imagined if we consider the structure of a carpet: observed from a distance will show the three macroscopic dimensions, but seen from close be woven of numerous fibers, and then proceeding in direction up-down through the carpet we see more spatial dimensions, those Rolled wires that make up the weave. Then to determine the position on the \ in the carpet need the macroscopic three spatial dimensions: time dimension (when) and other dimensions, related to the position along the circular path of the wires that make up the weave; here is the way in which, in addition to the three space dimensions extended, we can have other smaller rolled.
At the time of the big bang all 10 spatial dimensions were circular, ultramicroscopic size (similar to those of the strings) and were enveloped by the strings that have hindered the expansion (the protection of the strings is still being seen in our universe for what concerns 7 dimensions remained compacted).
For strong energies released in the moments after the big bang structures string-size rolled (structures Calabi-Yau) have undergone frenetic changes, tears and reconnections that led to the liberation of the three macroscopic dimensions.
From our vantage point (and existence) have released only three dimensions, those proved able to accommodate atoms and molecules, stars and planets; actually dates 10 spatial dimensions each had the opportunity to undergo the shock energy that has led to the unwinding. But we live in the universe characterized by these three spatial dimensions in which we are imprisoned: one-dimensional systems (a wire path from strings immaterial energy), or two-dimensional (a membrane devoid of thickness) and even more systems to 4-5 or more sizes are imperceptible with our senses, and obey different physical laws that prevent the interaction with our universe. These parallel universes occupy our own "where" but they would create a specific space (the space occupied by matter as it exists and would thus remain the exclusive preserve of each system size or "parallel universe"): the relationship between them is established only by gravity, which holds together the same "where" these parallel universes and is the only force that is exerted between them, the only possibility of interaction: the shock caused in particle accelerators is seeking, among other things, the occurrence of the disappearance of energy, which would index the passage of a graviton in a parallel universe; also they see themselves as the holes blacks, for their extreme gravity and space-time curvature, a possible point of union and a hypothetical transition between universes.
This scenario excludes other possibilities of interaction between universes born of the same big bang, in addition to gravity: it is impossible to secure the formation of matter as we know it in the structures with one or two dimensions unrolled while universes in more than three dimensions macroscopic It finds it difficult even to imagine them: forget green men and flying saucers, that if there is formation of matter and life forms in these universes they will appear as a frenzy midway between Picasso and galleries of mirrors opposite; not only: because the time is a function of space, are unimaginable even temporal directions in these universes. In addition to the first-direction after we should have temporal circular, folded (even more than in our universe, where there is also the curvature of space-time demonstrated by Einstein and attributed to the gravitational pull). Itineraries roundtrip and directions after-before, intersections and junctions to the point that the story of Benjamin Button comparison would be rather trivial.
Ours is the only universe in three dimensions?
Probably not, because we could have an even number of combinations of the ten dimensions, and may be quite similar, but the big bang would be the only moment of "life in common" between them, then this is not the scenario that makes us imagine the our alter ego who won the Oscar for lead actor; contact between parallel universes would be limited to the point of origin in another case, to be that the number of universes could be exterminated because the phenomenon of the big bang could be originated by the impact of macroscopic membranous structures that would be repeated with a certain frequency, causing the detachment therefrom of splinters, dust of energy, strings whose aggregation produces the spatial dimensions of which first: we would have countless other universes, also in 3 dimensions, but in immeasurably enormous distances one from the other, far greater the size of a single universe: in this case we would have even less relations between universes, even the gravitational binding and the sharing of the "where".
And parallel universes of science fiction, then, those where instead of falling down the stairs we win the lottery, I'm really preposterous?
String theory allows us those flights of fancy in which our decisions gives rise to a "sliding door" that faces the universe in which it develops the future predicted by the alternative to the decision, with the support of the principle of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and quantum physics, which provide as potentially real every possible alternative to what the observer does not set the reality with his observation, even when the observation is after the event (see the experiment of passing photons through one or the other of the two slits of a mask, with the photon that passes through the slit inevitably we're seeing even when performing detection downstream of the mask, AFTER THE PHOTON AND 'THE PAST, we can "decide" on which slit the photon has passed, as if the events occur both, but only our observation evidenziasse the future of the photon): it follows that it realizes the whole range of possible hypotheses: although we observe only the ' universe subsequent observation accomplished, it concretizzerebbero also the fact that we have observed.
For travel parallel universes are needed in the structure of space-time tear, ie it is necessary that the vibrations of the strings that generate events in our universe can manifest itself in others; ripping space-time is a possibility denied by any physical theory: a tear in the space trigger apocalyptic cataclysms for the necessary re-organization of matter; yet a laceration of space and time, there is, if we continue the evaluation of the characteristics of the universe according to string theory: these being the physical form smaller existing, at its core each circular string must contain a microscopic tearing of space , protected from the voltage of the string, which prevents the expansion: we have so a window through which the oscillations of the strings may occur through the vacuum; this activity it can assume that produces consequences in areas other than that in which we perceive the "matter" in its physical manifestations produced by the oscillations of the strings in our universe.
The differences in the historical evolution of the universes necessarily mean that the positions of the bodies no longer coincide (an individual goes to the game, the alter ego prefers the cinema) but are generated by the same strings: paradox unsurpassed remembering the experiment of Aspect (1982): by emitting two correlated photons (born at the same time) by a calcium atom, and directed in opposite directions, on the trajectory of the first it is interposed a prism capable of divert its direction; the other photon, that is in space and directed to the antipodes, will undergo instantly, at the same time, a deviation of the same corner of the first photon, with a match, inter alia, that occurs at a rate exceeding that of light ..
Here, in this scenario is finally possible to theorize parallel universes imagined by science fiction: interpenetrating each other, in quantity and indefinite, held together only by gravity but no other possibility of contact (for now?) And representing a wide range of possible alternatives to our history.
Nicola Lembo
The assumptions about the existence of parallel universes seem matter of science fiction, but the scenarios opened by quantum physics and string theory displace the presumption that you understand and defined once and for all the physical world, beginning with the one that would call solid matter: even the most solid object that we touch is made up mainly of empty space; imagining an atom to the size of a room, the core at the center would be the size of a grain of sand. The electrons that describe the boundaries are even smaller; it is true that if you beat up against a sheet of any solid material we can not cross it, but that only by virtue of powerful electrostatic forces that are exerted between the atoms and that they form the strong weave as the "matter".
It is not enough: even the subatomic particles have particle properties only in the detection of our senses (or our investigative tools, which are nothing more than extensions sensory must necessarily relate to our ability to perceive): electrons, protons, neutrons are formed quarks which, as well as other subatomic particles, also have an apparent corporeality.
String theory, but in some respects also the reflections that can be done as a result of experiences older and assimilated, as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (impossibility of detecting position is that speed at a given moment of a particle as the electron, as to deny its essence corpuscular despite our sensory perceptions or instrumental) provides that the fundamental constituents of those surveys indicate that physical particles are the "strings" of energy, vibrating strings that closed loop that according to the type of vibration determine the electrostatic characteristics and mass of the constituents subatomic; only energy then, in all that we, with our gross senses we perceive as matter (and hence the gross theories about reality as an illusion).
The size of the strings are extremely small: if an atom was the size of the known universe, a string would be the size of a tree. This basic form of energy has the fundamental characteristic of vibrating in directions and in different ways, thus giving the characteristics peculiar to corpuscles and photons; mathematical calculations at the base of the theory in relation to the various positions (quantum) of oscillation they did obtain 10 spatial dimensions possible (more than one time dimension, inseparable from the concept of space by Einstein onwards).
Our universe has four dimensions, three of space (up-down, left-right, up-down) and a time (before-after): where are the other seven?
Are rolled in microscopic form, wrapped from strings whose energy, to considerable extent, it prevents that they operate; this multidimensional reality can be easily imagined if we consider the structure of a carpet: observed from a distance will show the three macroscopic dimensions, but seen from close be woven of numerous fibers, and then proceeding in direction up-down through the carpet we see more spatial dimensions, those Rolled wires that make up the weave. Then to determine the position on the \ in the carpet need the macroscopic three spatial dimensions: time dimension (when) and other dimensions, related to the position along the circular path of the wires that make up the weave; here is the way in which, in addition to the three space dimensions extended, we can have other smaller rolled.
At the time of the big bang all 10 spatial dimensions were circular, ultramicroscopic size (similar to those of the strings) and were enveloped by the strings that have hindered the expansion (the protection of the strings is still being seen in our universe for what concerns 7 dimensions remained compacted).
For strong energies released in the moments after the big bang structures string-size rolled (structures Calabi-Yau) have undergone frenetic changes, tears and reconnections that led to the liberation of the three macroscopic dimensions.
From our vantage point (and existence) have released only three dimensions, those proved able to accommodate atoms and molecules, stars and planets; actually dates 10 spatial dimensions each had the opportunity to undergo the shock energy that has led to the unwinding. But we live in the universe characterized by these three spatial dimensions in which we are imprisoned: one-dimensional systems (a wire path from strings immaterial energy), or two-dimensional (a membrane devoid of thickness) and even more systems to 4-5 or more sizes are imperceptible with our senses, and obey different physical laws that prevent the interaction with our universe. These parallel universes occupy our own "where" but they would create a specific space (the space occupied by matter as it exists and would thus remain the exclusive preserve of each system size or "parallel universe"): the relationship between them is established only by gravity, which holds together the same "where" these parallel universes and is the only force that is exerted between them, the only possibility of interaction: the shock caused in particle accelerators is seeking, among other things, the occurrence of the disappearance of energy, which would index the passage of a graviton in a parallel universe; also they see themselves as the holes blacks, for their extreme gravity and space-time curvature, a possible point of union and a hypothetical transition between universes.
This scenario excludes other possibilities of interaction between universes born of the same big bang, in addition to gravity: it is impossible to secure the formation of matter as we know it in the structures with one or two dimensions unrolled while universes in more than three dimensions macroscopic It finds it difficult even to imagine them: forget green men and flying saucers, that if there is formation of matter and life forms in these universes they will appear as a frenzy midway between Picasso and galleries of mirrors opposite; not only: because the time is a function of space, are unimaginable even temporal directions in these universes. In addition to the first-direction after we should have temporal circular, folded (even more than in our universe, where there is also the curvature of space-time demonstrated by Einstein and attributed to the gravitational pull). Itineraries roundtrip and directions after-before, intersections and junctions to the point that the story of Benjamin Button comparison would be rather trivial.
Ours is the only universe in three dimensions?
Probably not, because we could have an even number of combinations of the ten dimensions, and may be quite similar, but the big bang would be the only moment of "life in common" between them, then this is not the scenario that makes us imagine the our alter ego who won the Oscar for lead actor; contact between parallel universes would be limited to the point of origin in another case, to be that the number of universes could be exterminated because the phenomenon of the big bang could be originated by the impact of macroscopic membranous structures that would be repeated with a certain frequency, causing the detachment therefrom of splinters, dust of energy, strings whose aggregation produces the spatial dimensions of which first: we would have countless other universes, also in 3 dimensions, but in immeasurably enormous distances one from the other, far greater the size of a single universe: in this case we would have even less relations between universes, even the gravitational binding and the sharing of the "where".
And parallel universes of science fiction, then, those where instead of falling down the stairs we win the lottery, I'm really preposterous?
String theory allows us those flights of fancy in which our decisions gives rise to a "sliding door" that faces the universe in which it develops the future predicted by the alternative to the decision, with the support of the principle of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and quantum physics, which provide as potentially real every possible alternative to what the observer does not set the reality with his observation, even when the observation is after the event (see the experiment of passing photons through one or the other of the two slits of a mask, with the photon that passes through the slit inevitably we're seeing even when performing detection downstream of the mask, AFTER THE PHOTON AND 'THE PAST, we can "decide" on which slit the photon has passed, as if the events occur both, but only our observation evidenziasse the future of the photon): it follows that it realizes the whole range of possible hypotheses: although we observe only the ' universe subsequent observation accomplished, it concretizzerebbero also the fact that we have observed.
For travel parallel universes are needed in the structure of space-time tear, ie it is necessary that the vibrations of the strings that generate events in our universe can manifest itself in others; ripping space-time is a possibility denied by any physical theory: a tear in the space trigger apocalyptic cataclysms for the necessary re-organization of matter; yet a laceration of space and time, there is, if we continue the evaluation of the characteristics of the universe according to string theory: these being the physical form smaller existing, at its core each circular string must contain a microscopic tearing of space , protected from the voltage of the string, which prevents the expansion: we have so a window through which the oscillations of the strings may occur through the vacuum; this activity it can assume that produces consequences in areas other than that in which we perceive the "matter" in its physical manifestations produced by the oscillations of the strings in our universe.
The differences in the historical evolution of the universes necessarily mean that the positions of the bodies no longer coincide (an individual goes to the game, the alter ego prefers the cinema) but are generated by the same strings: paradox unsurpassed remembering the experiment of Aspect (1982): by emitting two correlated photons (born at the same time) by a calcium atom, and directed in opposite directions, on the trajectory of the first it is interposed a prism capable of divert its direction; the other photon, that is in space and directed to the antipodes, will undergo instantly, at the same time, a deviation of the same corner of the first photon, with a match, inter alia, that occurs at a rate exceeding that of light ..
Here, in this scenario is finally possible to theorize parallel universes imagined by science fiction: interpenetrating each other, in quantity and indefinite, held together only by gravity but no other possibility of contact (for now?) And representing a wide range of possible alternatives to our history.
Nicola Lembo
Etichette:
aspect,
blacks holes,
calabi-yau,
gravity,
parallel universes,
photons,
quantum physics,
quarks,
size,
sliding doors,
strings,
theory,
time
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